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Disk Password Protection 5 Serial Keys
Disk Password Protection 5 Serial Key
Disk Password Protection 5 Serial Key Generator

January 5th, 2021 by Andrey Malyshev
Category: «General», «Tips & Tricks»

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Investigating a BitLocker-encrypted hard drive can be challenging, especially if the encryption keys are protected by the computer’s hardware protection, the TPM. In this article, we’ll talk about the protection that TPM chips provide to BitLocker volumes, and discuss vulnerabilities found in today’s TPM modules.

What is TPM

Trusted Platform Module (TPM) is a standard for a secure cryptoprocessor, a dedicated microcontroller designed to secure hardware through integrated cryptographic keys. On a physical level, the TPM might be implemented as a built-in chip, an additional module one can install into a slot on the desktop motherboard, or as a virtual emulator (the Intel PTT technology).

Infineon Optiga TPM chips:

Standalone TPM module for Asus motherboards:

The platform consists of a secure cryptoprocessor and a small amount of built-in memory. The main functions of TPM are the generation, storage and secure management of cryptographic keys; in particular, the BitLocker keys. The operating system must provide APIs for developers for accessing the TPM, and uses TPM to manage encryption keys.

In this article, I will talk about the role of TPM in BitLocker encryption.

When Windows developers were designing the disk encryption scheme, they attempted to counter the following threats:

Signing in to the user’s account without valid authentication credentials
Moving the hard drive to a different system for analysis
Altering the computer’s configuration for gaining access to the data
Running an alternate OS for gaining access to the data

The top priority, however, was that the protection was as transparent and as unobtrusive to the user as possible. Ideally, the user would never notice the encryption; this goal has been achieved. For those who need extra protection against additional threats, the developers allowed specifying a pre-boot PIN code or adding other types of protectors (e.g. a physical smartcard or USB drive).

How BitLocker works

BitLocker makes use of symmetric encryption. By default, AES-128 is used to encrypt data in either XTS (new) or CBC (legacy) mode. The data is encrypted with VMK (Volume Master Key), which in turn can be obtained in one of the following ways:

Decrypted with the user’s encryption password, if this protector is enabled for a given volume.
Decrypted with a Recovery Key. The Recovery Key is generated automatically once the encryption is enabled for the first time. The key is then either stored to a file, uploaded to the user’s Microsoft Account of saved in Active Directory.
(You are here) Extracted from the TPM module when certain conditions are met.

This is how Bitlocker communicates with TPM:

The basic principle of TPM is very similar to blockchain. During the boot, the system builds chain of trust, which is stored in PCR (Platform Configuration Register) registers.

This is what happens when the computer boots:

Power on. SRTM (Static root of trust for measures) is the first trusted module is loaded. This module is stored in the computer’s ROM, and cannot be altered. A vulnerability in this module breaks the entire protection scheme, which was clearly demonstrated by the developers of the checkm8 exploit for iOS devices. SRTM inserts the first record into the chain of trust by calculating the hash value of the computer’s BIOS. The hash is stored in a PCR register.
UEFI BIOS loads. The BIOS analyzes the computer’s configuration including the hard drive partitioning, the MBR (Master Boot Record), bootloader and many other parameters including firmware checksums of certain components (e.g. fingerprint readers or smartcard readers). Notably, the value of the previous PCR register is used to calculate new hash values, which means that any modification of a single PCR register breaks the entire chain.
After filling out several PCR registers, BIOS loads the bootloader from the MBR. The bootloader inserts a few more records.
Finally, the OS kernel starts. The kernel keeps adding to the chain of trust.

As you can see, once the OS is finally loaded, the PCR registers contain the entire chain of trust. Note that the TPM module does not allow modifying PCR registers; one cannot alter existing records, only add new ones.

This is how it all looks:

BitLocker encryption

Once the user enables BitLocker on a disk volume, Windows generates a random volume master key (VMK) as well as a recovery key. The master key is then stored in the TPM module; it is also encrypted with the recovery key. The encrypted VMK is then saved in the disk header. Once the computer is rebooted, the following happens:

All PCR registers are zeroed out.
The system follows steps 1 through 4 described earlier.
The OS kernel attempts unlocking the encrypted volume and requests the VMK from the TPM module. The TPM module in turn analyzes the chain of trust by checking PCR registers. If the chain of trust is corrupted, the VMK is not released; the OS kernel than displays a message requesting the user to unlock the volume with a Recovery Key.

As you can see, if the computer is powered off, the only way to obtain the VMK is by launching the original OS in its original configuration. Altering a single component will trigger the prompt for Recovery Key.

Bypassing TPM

Most often than not, you are analyzing a ‘cold’ system. If this is the case, make sure to capture the disk image before everything else. You can use Elcomsoft System Recovery to do that. Before taking the image, you’ll be able to see the list of disk partitions along with their encryption settings. If the tool reports that the disk is encrypted with BitLocker but the password hash cannot be extracted, you’ll have to either use the Recovery Key or attempt to extract the VMK from TPM.

Extracting Volume Master Key from RAM

If you are able to sign in to the computer, you may attempt capturing its memory image. By analyzing the RAM image with Elcomsoft Forensic Disk Decryptor you may be able to discover the master key and decrypt the volume without any other attacks. This, however, will not be possible if the user specified a pre-boot protector such as an extra PIN code (TPM+PIN). If you attempt to brute-force the PIN, the TPM will panic and lock access to the encryption key either permanently or for a period of time.

While you may prefer live system analysis to capturing the encryption key and decrypting the disk image, offline analysis is significantly more forensically sound even if labor-intensive.

Cold boot and FireWire/Thunderbolt attacks

The fact that TPM releases the VMK at an early stage allows for a quite unique attack often called the ‘cold boot attack. This attack is base

Disk Password Protection 5 Serial Key